International SMM

LINE

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RegionJapan

Platform · this deep dive is built from the official pages of the platform itself and of the tools that support it.

Overview

LINE is a messenger that plays roughly the role in Japan that WhatsApp or Telegram play in other countries. It belongs to LY Corporation (LINEヤフー, “LINE Yahoo”), and a separate business ecosystem is built around the messaging: the “LINE official account” (LINE公式アカウント) for companies, a programmatic interface for broadcasts (the Messaging API), the LINE Ads advertising system (LINE広告), embedded web apps called LIFF, sign-in with LINE, and the LINE Creators Market sticker shop.

Two differences from the usual messengers matter here. First: business broadcasting is paid and billed per message, and the rates differ by country. Second: the platform pays not content authors but sticker authors — that is, the familiar “blog monetization” does not exist here.

The service launched on 23 June 2011; in 2026 the company marked its fifteenth anniversary (LY Corporation, 29.01.2026).

Who's here

All the numbers below are claims by the company and its business sites.

On 29 January 2026 LY Corporation reported that LINE's monthly audience in Japan had passed 100 million users. The company discloses the method in the announcement itself: what is counted is “iOS/Android user accounts with a LINE account tied to a smartphone that launched LINE at least once during the month”. The figure is given as of the end of December 2025 (LY Corporation).

The advertising site repeats the same order of magnitude: “monthly active audience — 1 億人” (100 million) with the note “as of the end of March 2026” (LINE広告). On its page about official accounts the company adds an estimate of reach: “LINE users — 100 million”, “LINE is used by roughly 80% or more of Japan's population” (LINE公式アカウント).

LINE also operates outside Japan: the developer documentation separately points to pages with rates “for Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and other regions” (Messaging API pricing).

The interface language of the front page is given in the markup as en.

Getting started

The order is the reverse of what you would expect

First an official account is created — and only then is a programmatic access channel attached to it. The documentation puts it plainly: “create a LINE official account. After you have created it, you can create a Messaging API channel” for it (Messaging API overview).

Registering the account itself is described as three steps: “registering a business ID” (ビジネスIDの登録), “registering the required details” (必要事項の登録), “completion of account creation” (アカウント作成完了). The company notes that “you can start using it the same day” (LINE公式アカウント).

Two kinds of account

The distinction matters both for trust and for payment:

  • 未認証アカウント (*mi-ninshō akaunto*, an unverified account) — “can be obtained by anyone, an individual or a legal entity”. There is no badge, but “the basic features do not differ substantially from a verified account, and both moving to a paid plan and buying a premium ID are available”;
  • 認証済アカウント (*ninshō-zumi akaunto*, a verified account) — issued to those who “have passed the review established by us”. It gives a green badge (the company notes that “depending on the country or region the colour may differ”), the ability to publish the account on the web, and an additional payment method — “by invoice” (アカウント種別).

Separately: the user terms require that “minors use the services only with the prior consent of a parent or legal representative” (Terms of Use).

What you can publish

Through programmatic access eleven kinds of message can be sent: text, text version 2, sticker, image, video, audio, location, coupon, imagemap, template message and Flex Message (Messaging API overview). A coupon as a separate message type is a rarity: most messengers in this registry have nothing of the kind.

In a single request “you can send up to five message objects” (Sending messages).

From the user's side you can receive images, video, audio and files, and also the profile — “display name, language, profile image, status message”. But the platform deletes what has been sent in: it is “automatically deleted after a certain period”, and the period is not named in the documentation (Messaging API overview). The practical conclusion: collect attachments straight away.

The company lists the official account's own toolkit as follows: message broadcasting (メッセージ配信), chat (LINEチャット), a shop card (ショップカード), coupons (クーポン), a “rich menu” (リッチメニュー), a business profile, step-by-step broadcasting (ステップ配信), broadcasting by segments (オーディエンス配信), calls (LINEコール), surveys (リサーチ), the LINE VOOM feed and membership (メンバーシップ) (LINE公式アカウント).

How to grow

You cannot “gather” an audience by broadcasting

The main limit is set by the design of the platform: messages go only to those who have added the official account as a friend (Messaging API overview). The user terms separately forbid “the act of sending identical or similar messages to a large, indeterminate group of users (other than those approved by us)” and “indiscriminately adding other users as friends or to group chats”, calling this spam outright (Terms of Use). So growth here means converting existing customers into friends of the account: through a QR code offline, through the “rich menu”, through sign-in with LINE on your site.

Advertising

The advertising system claims a reach of “1 億人” (100 million) monthly audience as of the end of March 2026 and lists its placements — a set of 18 positions, among them the chat list (トークリスト), LINE NEWS, LINE VOOM, the mini-apps tab, LINEチラシ (digital flyers), the points club, coupons, the brand catalogue and its own advertising network. The network takes in “more than 13,000 different apps and media” with the note “as of October 2024” (LINE広告).

The company describes targeting as “highly precise on inferred attributes: gender, age, region”, with the addition of segments from the official account and audience lists from Yahoo! JAPAN. The entry threshold is stated directly: “there is no minimum placement amount” — with the caveat that with too small a budget there will not be enough data for optimization (LINE広告).

Sign-in with LINE

“LINE Login is a social login service that lets users use their LINE accounts”, and it is “free”. It runs on OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect and returns the user ID, display name, a link to the avatar and the status message; the current version is 2.1 (LINE Login).

Path to monetization

Here it must be said plainly: LINE does not pay for content. Not for posts, not for views, not for an official account's audience. For a business LINE is not a source of payouts but a sales channel with a cost of its own: you pay for broadcasting (see the next section) and you earn on what you sell.

The only scheme we have confirmed where the platform itself pays is LINE Creators Market (the sticker shop). Anyone can sell there: “everyone is welcome at LINE Creators Market, regardless of age and profession”. What is sold are stickers, emoji and themes (LINE Creators Market).

The settlement terms are put as follows: “half of the sales will be transferred to your registered bank account after deduction of the 30% fee due to Apple, Google or other service providers”. A registered bank account is required. It is stated separately that for stickers taking part in the LINE Stickers Premium subscription programme, “sales will be transferred at that programme's revenue share” (How to use).

Tools and automation

What broadcasting costs

This is the most practical part of the subject. Rates “differ by country or region”; for Japan the documentation names three plans: the communication plan (free, up to 200 free messages a month), the light plan (5,000 yen a month, up to 5,000 messages) and the standard plan (15,000 yen a month, up to 30,000 messages), and above the limit — “up to 3 yen per message”, with the “price of an additional message depending on their number” (Messaging API pricing). The Japanese business site gives the same numbers with the clarification “excluding tax” (税別) and shows the price falling as volume grows — 3, 2.8 and 2.6 yen per message at different thresholds (料金プラン).

The counting rules matter: “the number of messages is counted by the number of people you send a message to”, reply messages do not count towards the limit, and messages to people who have blocked you and to non-existent identifiers are not counted. If you exceed it, “an error response will be returned and the messages will not be sent” (Messaging API pricing). In other words, overflowing the quota is not “we will bill you more” but “we will not send them”.

Request limits

Limits are set per channel and by call type: for most methods — 2,000 requests per second, for multicast sending — 200 per second, for showing the loading indicator — 100 per second, for issuing a short-lived token — 370 per second, for fetching the list of “rich menus” — 10 per second. Some operations are counted differently: working with audience segments — 60 requests per minute with no more than 10 concurrent operations, setting the webhook address — 1,000 per minute, broadcast and segment sending together with their statistics — 60 requests per hour, creating and deleting “rich menus” — 100 per hour, managing them in bulk — 3 per hour. The maximum request size is 2 MB (Messaging API reference).

Rules for developers

The platform's guidelines forbid “sending a large number of requests to the LINE platform for load or operational testing”, “sending a request to a non-existent user ID” and “restricting access that sends webhook requests by the LINE platform's IP address”, since the addresses are not disclosed and do change. It is separately forbidden to use audience management and segment broadcasting to identify attributes of specific users. Exceeding the limit returns “429 Too Many Requests” (Development guidelines).

Web apps inside the messenger

LIFF (the LINE Front-end Framework) is “a platform for web apps provided by LY Corporation”; apps built on it can obtain user data from the LINE platform and “send messages on the user's behalf”. There are three window sizes, set when the app is registered. One limitation worth knowing about in advance: “LIFF apps are not officially supported in OpenChat” (LIFF overview).

Limits and rules

  • Friends only. Sending is possible only to those who have added the account (Messaging API overview).
  • Mass broadcasts to strangers are forbidden by the terms and are called spam (Terms of Use).
  • The quota is hard. Above the plan, messages do not go out and an error is returned (Messaging API pricing).
  • The price depends on the country. The platform cannot be compared with other messengers “in general” — you have to do the sums for your own region (same page).
  • What users send in is stored for a limited time, and the period is not published (Messaging API overview).
  • Law and jurisdiction. The terms are “governed by the law of Japan” with exclusive jurisdiction of the Tokyo District Court; there are no country sections in the document (Terms of Use).

Who it's for

LINE makes sense if your customers are already in Japan, Taiwan or Thailand. It is a channel for retention and repeat sales: a shop card, coupons, step-by-step scenarios, calls, surveys. It fits offline businesses with regular visitors well — salons, cafés, clinics, courses.

It does not suit you as a platform for authors: there are no payouts for content, and audience growth “by itself” is not provided for here — you bring the account's friends yourself. And it fits poorly for cheap mass reach: broadcasting has a per-message price, and with a large base the bill grows linearly.

For developers the platform offers a mature set: messages of eleven types, events, web apps inside the client and social sign-in. You should plan your work around the message quota, not around the request limit.

Tools for this platform

The list is built from the tools' own facts: every line is a tool's statement that it supports the platform, with the source named. A tool missing from the list only means we have no such statement.

Scheduling and publishing:

Customer communication:

Automation:

Social listening:

Verified data

The checked data this deep dive rests on.

Who's here

98 million is the average monthly audience (MAU) of the LINE messenger in Japan as of the end of March 2025; the same source states that this covers about 80% of Japan's population (98 million / 123,744 million). The source is LY Corporation's official media guide, updated on 14 July 2025.

the company's official report. Verbatim: «Number of monthly active users (Japan) for LINE: 98 million as of late March 2025»

source, checked 2026-08-17

22 million LINE MAU in Taiwan as of September 30, 2025 (Taiwan's population in the same document — 23,31 million). LINE users on iOS and Android are counted. From the LY Corporation FY2025 Q2 results presentation (November 2025), International Business section.

the company's annual report. Verbatim: «Taiwan 22 mil MAU (Population: 23.31 mil)»

source, checked 2026-08-17

54 million LINE MAU in Thailand as of September 30, 2025 (population in the document — 65,95 million), No. 1 market share. LY Corporation FY2025 Q2 results presentation (November 2025). The same magnitude is confirmed by an official LY Corporation article of December 5, 2025: «approximately 54 million people―around 80% of the population».

the company's annual report. Verbatim: «Thailand 54 mil MAU (Population: 65.95 mil)»

source, checked 2026-08-17

4 million LINE MAU in Indonesia as of September 30, 2025 (population in the document — 284,43 million). LY Corporation FY2025 Q2 results presentation (November 2025).

the company's annual report. Verbatim: «Indonesia 4 mil MAU (Population: 284.43 mil)»

source, checked 2026-08-17

on 29 January 2026 LY Corporation reported that LINE's monthly audience in Japan had passed 100 million users as of the end of December 2025

The method is disclosed by the company itself: what is counted is iOS/Android user accounts with a LINE account tied to a smartphone that launched the app at least once during the month. The service launched on 23 June 2011

source, checked 2026-07-28

the advertising site claims a monthly active audience of 100 million (1億人) as of the end of March 2026; on the page about official accounts the company adds that LINE is used by roughly 80% or more of Japan's population

The second claim is an estimate of a share of the population, not a measurement of an audience

source, checked 2026-07-28

Getting started

the order is the reverse of the usual one: first a «LINE Official Account» is created, and only then is a programmatic access channel set up for it

source, checked 2026-07-28

creating an official account is described as three steps: registering a business ID, registering the required details, and completing the creation; the company notes that you can start using it the same day

source, checked 2026-07-28

Account and access

there are two kinds of official account: an unverified one (未認証アカウント) is open to anyone, an individual or a legal entity, carries no badge, yet its basic features differ hardly at all and allow a move to a paid plan and the purchase of a premium ID; a verified one (認証済アカウント) is granted after a check set by the company and gives a green badge (the colour may differ by country), publication of the account on the web and payment by invoice

The criteria for the verified account check are not disclosed

source, checked 2026-07-28

Business terms

the features of an official account: message broadcasts, chat, a customer card, coupons, a rich menu, a business profile, step messaging, segmented broadcasts, calls, surveys, the LINE VOOM feed and membership

The set is closer to a CRM for an offline business than to a social network

source, checked 2026-07-28

What you can publish

eleven kinds of message are sent through programmatic access: text, text version 2, sticker, image, video, audio, location, coupon, image map (imagemap), template message and flexible message (Flex)

A coupon as a separate message type is a rarity: no other messenger in the registry has one

source, checked 2026-07-28

up to five message objects can be sent in a single request

source, checked 2026-07-28

images, video, audio and files can be received from users, BUT the platform deletes the content it has received after some time; the period is not named

Important for archiving: what you receive has to be fetched straight away, and exactly how much time there is is not stated

source, checked 2026-07-28

Advertising

the advertising system lists 18 placements, among them the chat list, LINE NEWS, LINE VOOM, the mini-app tab, digital flyers, the points club, coupons and the brand catalogue, as well as its own ad network, to which more than 13,000 apps and media outlets are attributed (as of October 2024); there is no minimum spend

Targeting is described as being «by inferred attributes» — gender, age and region, with the addition of segments from the official account and from Yahoo! JAPAN lists

source, checked 2026-07-28

How the money works here

Messaging API rates depend on the COUNTRY or region; there is a free plan and plans with a fixed monthly fee, each including its own quota of free messages, above which messages are paid for separately

source, checked 2026-07-28

LINE Creators Market (LINEクリエイターズマーケット) — the sale of one's own stickers, animated stickers, emoji and themes to LINE users: "LINE Creators Market lets you create and sell stickers, animated stickers, emoji, and themes to LINE users worldwide". In addition: LINE Stickers Premium (LINEスタンプ プレミアム) — a "use as much as you like" subscription, into which an item may be handed over 180 days after the start of sales, with a separate formula for the split; LINE PRスタンプ (LINE PR stickers) — free stickers for promotional campaigns, which their creator does not sell but gives away

The names of the programs are given in the original as well. The 180-day condition for LINE Stickers Premium is from the Japanese page https://creator.line.me/ja/. LINE has no earnings on posts or videos in this dashboard, it is only about the sale of stickers and themes

source, checked 2026-08-04

Who is admitted. A LINE account and registration by the creator in LINE Creators Market are needed. There are no restrictions on the number of subscribers, on views or on the type of account: the Japanese page writes "職業、年齢、プロ、アマチュア、個人/企業を問わず、誰でもLINE Creators Marketに参加できます" — anyone may take part regardless of profession, age, status as a professional or an amateur, a natural person or a company. On age the rules have a separate reservation: "Creators who are minors in the jurisdiction in which the Creators reside may only use the Services by obtaining prior consent from their parents or legal guardians" — minors need the consent of their parents or guardians

The first quotation is from https://creator.line.me/ja/, our translation; the original is in Japanese; the second is from the English-language rules, clause 2.2. The entry threshold is set not by the audience but by passing the content check (clause 8.2 of the rules)

source, checked 2026-08-04

Creator's share. 50% of the revenue after deduction of the store's commission. The rules, clause 9.1, formula (b) for applications from 1 February 2015: "(total revenue from sales of the Contents notified as the confirmed amount at the Creator's My Page - the fees determined for each platform such as Apple App Store and Google Play for distributing the Contents) ×50%". For applications up to 31 January 2015 — formula (a): simply 50% of the revenue without deduction of the store's commission. The "How to Use" page says the same in simple words: "Half of sales will be transferred to your registered bank account after deducting the 30% transaction fee owed to Apple, Google, or other service providers"

The share of the items taking part in LINE Stickers Premium is counted separately: "If your stickers take part in the LINE Stickers Premium service, sales will be transferred based on your LINE Stickers Premium revenue share instead" (https://creator.line.me/en/howto/); this rate itself is not named on the pages read

source, checked 2026-08-04

Payout minimum. 1,000 Japanese yen (JPY 1,000). The rules, clause 9.2: "When the balance of the Revenue Share exceeds 1,000 yen (Hereinafter referred to as the "Minimum Payment Amount". In addition, until February 2, 2015, such amount shall be 10,000 yen.)". The help centre repeats: "You'll be able to select the Payment Request button once your revenue share is more than JPY 1,000" and "You cannot submit a payment request if your revenue share is less than JPY 1,000"

The sum is counted in yen regardless of the creator's country: "The amount is displayed in Japanese Yen, no matter which country the Creator is registered in" (https://help2.line.me/creators/web/categoryId/20002319/3/?contentId=200000334). If the threshold is not reached, the balance is carried over to the next month

source, checked 2026-08-04

How they pay. Depends on the creator's country of residence. Japan — accounts at financial institutions of Japan: "Money transfers can be made to financial institutions, such as banks and credit unions located in Japan"; the fee is "A fee of JPY 495 is charged for transfers to bank accounts". Outside Japan and Thailand — only PayPal: "Creators may use either a PayPal Premier or PayPal Business account", personal PayPal accounts (Personal) are not accepted, a one-off transfer above 100,000 yen does not go through. Thailand — for natural persons the LINE Pay electronic wallet or the banks of Thailand, for legal persons only the banks of Thailand

The transfer fee and the exchange rate difference are borne by the creator (the rules, clause 9.3). The settlement is always in yen

source, checked 2026-08-04

in the LINE Creators Market sticker shop half of the sales are transferred to the author after deduction of the 30% fee due to Apple, Google or other service providers; a registered bank account is required

A separate revenue share applies to stickers in the LINE Stickers Premium subscription programme. A minimum payout amount is mentioned in the terms, but we could not find its value

source, checked 2026-07-28

anyone can sell in LINE Creators Market — «regardless of age and profession»; the items sold are stickers, emoji and themes

The only scheme we found in which the platform itself pays

source, checked 2026-07-28

Where it is available. There is no single list of countries of the program on the pages read. There are three indirect indications. The first: the payout methods are divided into Japan, Thailand and "outside Japan and Thailand", that is, a creator is admitted from most countries. The second: the territory of sale is chosen by the creator himself — "LYC may distribute the Contents from the date and within the territory selected by the Creator", and LY Corporation is entitled to exclude a country or a region at its own discretion. The third: registration is refused to those covered by the economic sanctions of the UN, the European Union, the USA, the United Kingdom or the country where LY Corporation is located (clause 4.5(6) of the rules)

A list of the countries of participation was found neither on creator.line.me nor in the help centre help2.line.me; what is said directly is what has been recorded

source, checked 2026-08-04

Nothing is said about affiliate links in the rules or in the guideline, but advertising inside the items sold is forbidden directly: "Stickers for sale may not be used for advertising purposes. Please do not include any form of advertisement in the sticker images, titles, and text descriptions, such as the announcements of product release dates, or submit stickers featuring only corporate logos". Stickers that require the buyer to hand over personal data or identifiers are also forbidden: "Stickers that require users to provide their personal data or IDs for purchase are strictly prohibited"

The words "affiliate", "affiliate link" are not found in the creation guideline or in the rules; the sticker format contains no external links. For promotion there is a separate product — LINE PR stickers

source, checked 2026-08-04

What must be disclosed. There is no requirement to label advertising content — advertising in the stickers sold is forbidden as such. There is another disclosure, about origin: the rules, clause 8.13, allow LY Corporation to label items as created by AI "(1) Based on the Creator's declaration; (2) LYC determines that the Contents are AI-generated Contents; or (3) LYC determines that the Contents are possibly AI-generated Contents", that is, the creator declares the use of AI himself

The rules https://creator.line.me/en/terms/ and the guideline https://creator.line.me/en/guideline/ were read; there is no requirement to disclose paid promotion in either of them

source, checked 2026-08-04

When they pay. Sources diverge: The payout is not automatic: the creator files an application himself. The help centre: sales are totalled on the last day of the month, the size of the share is determined "around the middle of the following month", after which one may press "Payment Request". The transfer periods are named differently in the two official sources: the rules, clause 9.2 — "within approximately 45 days from the date on which LYC receives such payment request", the help centre — "We will transfer your revenue share to your registered payment information within 90 days of your payment request submission". Separately in the rules: the balance at the end of October LY Corporation is entitled to pay out on the last day of December of the same year

A discrepancy of 45 against 90 days between the rules https://creator.line.me/en/terms/ and the help centre https://help2.line.me/creators/web/categoryId/20002319/3/?contentId=200000334; both documents are official, and that is why both figures are recorded rather than one of them chosen. While the share for the month is being counted (the middle of the month), an application cannot be filed

source, checked 2026-08-04

Pricing

rates for Japan: the communication plan — free, up to 200 free messages a month; light — 5,000 yen a month, up to 5,000 messages; standard — 15,000 yen a month, up to 30,000 messages, above the limit up to 3 yen per message

The price of an additional message depends on volume. This refines the earlier record that the plans page is available only in Japanese: the English-language Messaging API pricing page names the same numbers

source, checked 2026-07-28

the Japanese business site gives the same amounts marked «tax excluded» (税別) and shows the price of an extra message falling as volume rises: 3, 2.8 and 2.6 yen per message at different thresholds

Net prices: the total for the payer is higher by the amount of tax

source, checked 2026-07-28

messages are counted BY THE NUMBER OF RECIPIENTS, not by the number of sends; reply messages do not count towards the limit; messages to those who have blocked the account and to non-existent identifiers are not counted

Free replies are the basis of the cheap approach: answering costs less than broadcasting

source, checked 2026-07-28

Limits and restrictions

when the monthly limit is exceeded an error response is returned and the messages ARE NOT SENT; paying extra for overage above the plan is not provided for on the free and light plans

Overflowing the quota means a refusal to send, not an automatic charge

source, checked 2026-07-28

call limits per channel: 2000 requests per second for most methods, 200 per second for multicast sending, 100 per second for the loading indicator, 370 per second for issuing a short-lived token, 10 per second for the list of rich menus; 60 per minute for audience operations (no more than 10 concurrent operations), 1000 per minute for webhook configuration; 60 per hour for broadcast and narrowcast sending and for statistics, 100 per hour for creating and deleting rich menus, 3 per hour for managing them in bulk; the maximum request size is 2 MB

The unit of counting differs between methods: seconds, minutes and hours in a single table

source, checked 2026-07-28

the number of free messages depends on the official account's subscription plan, and THE PLAN ITSELF differs by country and region. The plans page is available only in Japanese

The terms depend on the country and are not published in English: a price comparison with other messengers is not possible

source, checked 2026-07-28

Restrictions

messages are sent only to those who have added the official account as a friend

source, checked 2026-07-28

the developer guidelines forbid sending a large number of requests for load testing, addressing non-existent user IDs, restricting incoming webhooks by the platform's IP address (the addresses are not disclosed and do change), and using audience management and segment broadcasting to identify attributes of specific users; exceeding the limit returns a 429 response

source, checked 2026-07-28

the terms of use forbid sending identical or similar messages to a large, indefinite group of users (other than in cases approved by the company) and indiscriminately adding users as friends or into group chats, calling this spam outright

The practical meaning: the account's friend base is brought in by its owner and cannot be «built up» by broadcasting

source, checked 2026-07-28

content sent by users is deleted automatically after some time; the exact period is not stated on the page

source, checked 2026-07-28

the terms contain no country sections: the 35-thousand-character document has no sections by jurisdiction

Separately from this condition, LINE does depend on the country elsewhere — in the cost of messaging

source, checked 2026-07-28

minors may use the services only with the prior consent of a parent or legal guardian; the terms are governed by the law of Japan with the exclusive jurisdiction of the Tokyo District Court

No specific minimum age is stated in the text — only the requirement of a guardian's consent

source, checked 2026-07-28

API access

Capabilities. reply messages and messages at any time to followers of an official account; the types are text, sticker, image, video, audio, location, coupon, imagemap, template and Flex Message; retrieval of content sent by users and of their profiles

source, checked 2026-07-28

LIFF (LINE Front-end Framework) is a platform for web apps inside the messenger: an app receives user data from the platform and can send messages on the user's behalf; there are three window sizes, set at registration; LIFF apps are not officially supported in OpenChat

source, checked 2026-07-28

LINE Login is a free social sign-in service built on OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect; it returns the user identifier, the display name, a link to the profile picture and the status message; the current version is 2.1, and version 2.0 has been declared deprecated

A user remains trusted for 365 days after two-factor verification

source, checked 2026-07-28

Languages

the interface language of the home page: en

The language is taken from the markup attribute, the versions from hreflang

source, checked 2026-07-28

Catalogue section: all similar See also: catalogue index · region: Japan · scheduler comparison · find by situation · platform restrictions